Thursday, January 30, 2020

American Antislavery 1820-1860 Essay Example for Free

American Antislavery 1820-1860 Essay Rather, the movement was fraught with ambiguity over who its leaders would be, how they would go about fighting the institution of slavery, and what the future would be like for black Americans. Some of the persisting goals of antislavery activism were legal emancipation, aid to runaway slaves through vigilance groups and the Underground Railroad, civil rights for freed blacks in the north, and education, suffrage, and economic advancement for African-Americans. Perhaps the most unifying ideal of the  anti-slavery movement  was that the racial basis forAmerican slavery  could be undermined by promoting Christian values, education and economic progress among free blacks to show that they were capable of succeeding as individuals in an integrated American society. Richard Allen, leader of the A. M. E. church, stated the case for black progress as an answer to the justifications of slaveholders: â€Å"if we are lazy and idol, the enemies of freedom plead it as a cause why we ought not to be free. In addition to the connection between abolition and economic and social progress, most abolitionists worked for the assurance of civil rights and legal protection for free blacks, who lived in an anomalous condition of â€Å"freedom† without citizenship and with constant threat of discrimination, violence, and abduction to be sold into slavery. There were some bitter conflicts over specific strategies. Though Garrison and most blacks favored immediate abolition, many whites continued to prefer or express willingness to settle for gradual emancipation. Violent resistance was at first rejected by many, again under the influence of Garrison, but David Walker’s appeal that violence should be used against slavery became more popular as blacks and abolitionists searched for an effective means of self-defense against mobs and pursuit of civil rights. Whether or not individuals worked within the political framework of the constitution to effect change again depended on allegiance to Garrison, and in general the early antislavery activists preferred moral arguments while later leaders were more willing to use political means. To what extent black abolitionists cooperated with and trusted white abolitionists varied, for though whites were essential to the movement, blacks often felt they needed to rely on their own race’s leadership, and so both black and integrated organizations formed. A few abolitionists supported the proposal of African or Haitian colonization by free blacks, but most viewed the colonization schemes as a way for whites to get rid of the â€Å"black problem† in the US rather than a viable alternative to gaining equal rights in the nation of their birth (since only a small minority of blacks in the US after the 1820s were African-born). Furthermore, colonization reinforced the notion that African-Americans would be better off somewhere else because they could never be integrated into American society as whites’ equals. Blacks saw similarities between Jackson’s Indian removal policy and federal funding for African colonization, and most determined to resist relocation. Settlement in Canada was not similarly viewed as running away from the struggle for equality at home because it not only provided safety, legal protection, and civil equality for black refugees but also harbored the founders of new abolitionist publications who strengthened the antislavery movement in the American North and Midwest. Leaders of the anti-slavery movement were well known for their publications and speeches, and many served the equally important but less public role of organizers or â€Å"conductors† on the Underground Railroad. The assortment of leaders included free blacks, like William Still in Philadelphia, radical whites, like William Lloyd Garrison, former slaves, like Frederick Douglass, and women of both races, such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Garrison’s anti-political, non-violent moral opposition to slavery was the largest sect of antislavery agitation for many years, but his unwillingness to work within the political system to reclaim the constitution and his allegiance to women’s rights were controversial positions that caused many, including Douglass, to split with Garrison eventually. Many whites who were identified with the antislavery cause, such as Stowe, did not extend their sympathies for enslaved blacks as far as supporting equal rights for freedmen. Though generally considered radicals, few leaders of the antislavery movement committed large-scale revolutionary or violent acts. Quiet small-scale acts of resistance termed â€Å"the Underground Railroad† gave way to more violent public resistance in the 1850s, particularly in â€Å"radical† centers like Boston, against the recapturing of fugitive slaves who lived as free blacks in the northern states. A later martyr for the cause of abolitionism, John Brown, was one of the few who were brave (or insensible) enough to direct violent action against the federal government with hopes to end slavery through militancy in his raid on Harper’s Ferry in 1859. Blacks and whites who rallied behind the unified cause of abolitionism did not always cooperate fully, sometimes because their goals differed, but often because blacks were wary of whites. As the Hortons summarize, â€Å"white reformers were more likely to accept a gradualist approach to anti-slavery, and blacks sometimes faced discrimination or subtle prejudice in integrated organizations† (Hortons 222). Racism of various forms existed among white antislavery reformers, who often felt that slavery was a moral wrong but nonetheless thought blacks inferior to whites or distasteful to associate with. Harriet Beecher Stowe notes this phenomenon in her creation of the character Miss Ophelia for Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Like many white northerners who object to the institution of slavery, Miss Ophelia sees the education and moral improvement of blacks as a Christian duty that whites owe to the race they have long enslaved, but does not see that the â€Å"spiritual equality† of blacks and whites implies social equality and is uncomfortable with physical contact with her black charge. In addition to direct racism, white reformers often harbored a more subtle condescension when they â€Å"credited their work with blacks as broadening their views and stimulating personal growth,† as if the movement was more about the moral development of white individuals through their acts of charity than about seeing justice enacted in fulfillment of the Constitution’s claim that all men are created equal (Horton 224). Despite these tensions and overwhelming white paternalism, whites â€Å"brought financial power, reformist zeal, and the respectability of heir color† to the movement and were â€Å"instrumental in opening higher education to African Americans on an equal basis† which bolstered the educated black leadership of the 1840s and 50s (Horton 236, 215). Many short-lived organizations, some comprised solely of blacks and others integrated, competed to some extent for support, and allied themselves with different causes. There were a few longer-la sting organizations, such as the American Anti-Slavery Society and the National Convention of the People of Color, and publications such as the Freedman’s Journal and the Colored American, that were highly influential. Discounting one convention’s endorsement of the Free Soil Party in 1848, the Liberty Party was the only political party that embraced an antislavery platform. Garrisonian opposition to recognizing the Constitution and working within the existing political system, termed â€Å"union with slaveholders,† detracted from potential early antislavery political organization, favoring moral arguments which proved largely ineffective for provoking large-scale change. Between the period of the 1820s through the eve of the civil war, and particularly during the 1850s, the antislavery movement grew in response to political developments and increasing sympathy to abolitionist propaganda. Federal victories for slavery such as the expansion of slavery in the west, the Fugitive slave law of 1850, and the Dred Scott decision of 1857 threatened blacks and white northerners alike as they represented the power of the slaveholding south to influence federal policy. In nine Northern states, where twenty years before towns had passed regulations against integrated schools and where racism persisted to some extent, Personal Liberty Laws passed which essentially nullified the federal Fugitive Slave Law, evincing that states’ rights to reject complicity with slavery was more widely supported than black equality. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, slave narratives, and other popular publications aroused many white northerners’ sympathies. The alliances forged between antislavery agitation and other political and social reform movements garnered support for the anti-slavery cause among moderates. Over time, as hopes of gradual emancipation and an end to racism soured in light of the political and social realities, many shifted from adherence to Garrisonian apolitical non-violence to a widespread sentiment, especially among blacks, in favor of David Walker’s appeal for the use of violence in defense and in opposition to slavery. Resistance to enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law included groups rescuing blacks from jails, like the case of Shadrach in Boston in 1852. Whites and blacks alike worked for black suffrage, and the blacks who cast votes in the 1860 presidential election overwhelmingly voted for the Republican candidate Lincoln, a departure from the call for Garrisonian disunion by blacks like Charles Lenox Remond. Blacks in the North formed militias, including Boston’s Massasoit Guard, without state governmental sanction. On the eve of the Civil War, blacks were ready to engage in a federal struggle for freedom, a new revolution that would grant them the equality promised to all men in the Constitution that was now nearly a century old. The decades leading up to the south’s secession had taught blacks that patience and diligence in educating themselves and working to acquire land and social status was far from achieving the end of slavery or earning them equal citizenship. White northerners who were not necessarily proponents of black civil rights often supported the antislavery cause in order to counter the seeming growing influence of Southern slave power. Secession lit the fuel of 40 years of antislavery agitation and began a war that some would say was waged for union, but most blacks and many whites insisted that the coming war would be the final struggle for universal freedom.

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

Professional Wrestling :: essays research papers

Current Issues  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Professional Wrestling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When some people hear the word wrestling they think of â€Å"2 points takedown† or headgear and singlets. But most people think of the WWF, WCW, NWO, and the WolfPac. They think of names such as Hollywood Hogan, Sting, Stone Cold, Diamond Dallas Page, and Golberg. If you have been alive in today’s TV culture, you have undoubtedly heard these names.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although professional wrestling has been enjoying newfound success lately, it is not a new sport by any means. Professional Wrestling has been around since the 1800’s but it was mainly confined to barns and other small areas with people betting on the winner. These were often bloody and dangerous fights. Dangerous for the wrestlers as well as the audience as sometimes the fight would spill out into the crowd.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professional Wrestling became more of a spectator sport in the early to mid 1900’s, but it resembled very little of what we think of Professional Wrestling today. Today, as opposed to old-time wrestling, it is just a spectator event with people cheering for a â€Å"hero† against a â€Å"vilian†. Most all matches are set up in a way that there is always one crowd favorite, and one that the crowd hates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today Professional Wrestling is no longer a sport but a entertainment industry. The fights are rigged, the wrestling is fake, and the only thing real about wrestling is the money. Millions of dollars are generated by professional wrestling. TV contracts, t-shirts, posters, Video games, movies. These all generate enough money and interest to make professional wrestling the most watched entertainment event today. One of the reasons that wrestling has become such a powerful force in entertainment is that it has all the action of a Jackie Chan movie, all the drama of ER and all of the â€Å"eye-candy† of Baywatch.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am going to tell you some of todays biggest stars and give you a little background on them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most entertaining people in professional wrestling is current world champion Goldberg. Goldberg grew up as a doctors son in Oklahoma with his two brothers. Goldberg was even an imposing future at a young age as he was a bouncer in a bar at age 17. He went on to play college football at SEC power Georgia. As a Georgia Bulldog, Goldberg earned all-confernce honors as a nose-guard and was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons and eventually ended his career as a LA Ram. Goldberg was not done bashing skulls after he hurt his knee though. He shaved his head and got a tattoo and followed many former football players into Pro wrestling.

Monday, January 13, 2020

International Expansion of an E-Tailer Essay

International Expansion of an e-tailer „We seek to be Earth ? s most customer-centric company for three primary customer sets: consumer customers, seller customers and developer customers. † The story of Amazon. com is a marvelous successful one. A company ? s biography which since the foundation in 19941 (followed by webpage launch one year later in 19952) became the world’s market leader in e-tailing by fully focusing on customer satisfaction and consequently aligning all organization activities, such as for example corporate strategy as well as technological portfolio, towards the consumer needs. From day one Jeff Bezos leads Amazon. com with a conspicuous overall philosophy of customer orientation and the strategic decision to focus on an increasing market share, instead of stock profits after Amazon went public (IPO) in 19973. Under consideration of these company’s aims, a powerful corporate structure has been built which became source of the flourishing first years in the US market (1995-1998) and also, specifying this as the crucial learning years in terms of consumer requirements and behavior, the preparation and basis for the future expansion. According to Cochran, customer satisfaction is a strategic decision and â€Å"the ultimate goal† of an organization – adequate investments and the full involvement of all employees are necessarily crucial. For the measurement and organization around the subject of customer satisfaction, numerous tools are available, such as reports, client comments, complaint processes and surveys representing elementary solutions for all kind of company-sizes and business4 as well as more sophisticated and comprehensive processes, such as the Balanced Scorecard5. However enterprises cover this part of their relationship towards customers, satisfaction ever has to be managed methodically, continuously, substance and process-broadly as well as differentiated by segments and target groups. 6 As a result of my research, no detailed and reliable information related to the customer relationship & satisfaction management of Amazon are available – nevertheless, Bezos has a clear picture of the customer needs and remains of the conviction that at Amazon they get exactly what they want: â€Å"selection, low prices, and fast delivery†. Consequently, for instance even the logo of Amazon has a relation to the organizations key objective of customer satisfaction8 and finally the overall strategy converts into measurable excellent results, such as the ACSI (American Customer Satisfaction Index) scale in which Amazon constantly ranks under the top best since the establishment of the â€Å"Internet Retail† category in 2000. 9 Exhibit A contains a division table which, on one hand, imparts a better visual understanding of the historical development that took place and, on the other hand, demonstrates how ambitious this sector is performing in the area of customer satisfaction – currently, but also within the prior years of internet boom. Impressively, Amazon. com ranked first in 7 out of 11 years in which this Index category has been tracked. Displacement of the first position appeared only in 3 specific cases, such as barnesandnobel. om (strongest competitor in the US with the objective to keep up with

Sunday, January 5, 2020

Benedick’s Change of Heart by the End of Act 2 Scene 3 of...

Benedick’s Change of Heart by the End of Act 2 Scene 3 of William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing ‘Much ado about nothing’ is one of William Shakespeare’s popular comedy plays. With regards to the title of the play, the word ‘nothing’ in the title suggests it links with how characters in the play create so much bother about nothing. Speculation has occurred among people over the word ‘nothing’ in the play’s title. The word ‘nothing’ has a double meaning. Noting and nothing sounded identical in Shakespeare’s time. ‘Noting’ and ‘nothing’ is spoken a lot of in the play. ‘Noting’ (observing, overhearing) in the play may refer to the importance of how characters perceive one another and how†¦show more content†¦several characters within the play help convince everyone Hero is dead to prove she was not unfaithful. During the time in which this play was written men dominated society. Men were in superior to women and believed a wife should submit to her husband. The play would have been acted out by men and it was not until the 19th century that women had a role in theatre. Women were property to be bought by men or used as prostitutes. Women did not speak up; any that did were branded a shrew and needed taming. Virginity was a virtue, therefore it was demanded a bride should be a virgin and once a wife, should be faithful. Shakespeare explores these men’s attitudes to the place of women in society and incorporates his own opinions on the matter throughout the play. Performances of the play would have been held at the Globe Theatre in London. Performances would be entertainment for the public and may have lasted for up to three hours so therefore it was important for music to be played at intervals and parts of the play was spoken in prose. Different class of people would have visited the theatre, ranging from the poor that would watch from the ‘yard’ at the front of the stage, to the rich that would make them selves seen by sitting directly above the stage. In regards to the essay question I will be looking at how the views of theShow MoreRelatedMuch to Do with Deception2356 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Much To Do With Deception† A Critical Research Paper about William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing Much Ado About Nothing, written by William Shakespeare, is a dramatic production that uses the tools of deception and humor under the category of comedy. As defined by Paul N. Siegel, â€Å"A comic play is usually accepted to be a light-hearted play with a happy conclusion.† Yet, Shakespearian tragic plays often use deception as a method to damage the role of the hero. In other Shakespearian tragediesRead MoreAcknowledging Female Stereotypes in Much Ado About Nothing1653 Words   |  7 PagesAcknowledging Female Stereotypes in Much Ado About Nothing Women in the Elizabethan age were extremely repressed and discriminated against. Most would not have gone to school or received any type of formal education. They were not allowed to vote, own property, or freely voice their opinions. They were seen as the property of a man, subject to his wants, needs, and not allowed to have their own; men held extremely stereotypical views of their female counterparts that helped them justify the wayRead MoreLove in Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare Essay2260 Words   |  10 PagesLove in Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare Shakespeare is well known for presenting the full repertoire of human emotions, and love is no exception. Much Ado About Nothing is unquestionably a play about love. Shakespeare provides the audience with a whole gamut of lovers from the banal Claudio and Hero to the rebellious Beatrice and Benedick. It is this range which allows Shakespeare to critique the conventions and perceptions within his renaissance societyRead MoreMuch Ado About Nothing By William Shakespeare2685 Words   |  11 PagesMuch Ado about Nothing is a humorous play by William Shakespeare set in the city of Messina located in southern Italy. The acts have two main locations; Leonato’s house and his orchard. The others were sidelines; the church and the street where Dogberry and Verges discovered the villainy. Many scenes take place inside the several rooms of Leonato’s house, including scene 4 of Act 3. The main emergence of Benedick and Beatrice’s love story takes place in the orchard, without which the play is incomplete